James Fennimore Cooper’s The Last of the Mohicans Essay

In James Fennimore Cooper’s The Last of the Mohicans (1992), we witnessed death, integrity, pride, love, violence and revenge portrayed through the struggle over a piece of land between the French and English in a war that took place sometime in 1757. Not only that, since the novel was written in the early 1990’s, when women’s liberation and â€Å"girl power† are the predominant themes, the author also incorporated a different form of struggle between the main characters in the novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I will focus on the character of Alice and Cora, the two heroines in the story and will attempt to make a comparison of the two characters in light of the commonly-accepted views on what a woman should be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Alice and Cora Munro, as portrayed in the novel, are sisters who embarked on a journey to visit their father. Their journey, as can be expected is doomed from the beginning and is fraught with violence, revenge, conflict and emotional drama. In the novel, Cora, the older sister was depicted as a strong-willed woman who has no qualms in making her own decisions. Alice, the younger sister, is on the other hand, took the role of a fragile, weak-hearted woman who is always in need of rescuing and assistance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is apparent from the start that this difference in personality will probably result in conflict between the two sisters. It is surprising though that there was no remarkable conflict as between the two sisters in the novel. In fact, it is their stark differences of personalities which kept these two sisters together. Cora, the ever reliable and brave older sister is always looking out for the welfare of her younger sister. Alice, depicting the traditional notion of femininity, graciously lets her sister and their escorts do their task of protecting her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is also worth stressing that the personality differences between Cora and Alice extends to their physical appearance. Cora is a brunette and has a strong feature while Alice is blond-haired thereby accentuating even more her frail physical features. It seems that Cooper had in mind the traditional, stereotypical notion of weak-blond-strong-brunette syndrome when he came up with his set of heroine characters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interestingly enough, the heroines in the novel find themselves in a complex entanglement of emotions and feelings. As can be expected, the strong-willed Cora falls for reckless Uncas while Alice, the sentimental heroine, on the other hand, captures the heart of the perfect gentleman, Major Heyward.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In sum, although Alice and Cora were portrayed as having opposite personalities and physical attributes in the novel, it also cannot be denied that in more ways than one, they are also alike. Both are loving daughters whose main purpose from the onset of the journey, is to reunite with their father. Alice and Cora while seemingly in contrast in personalities also share the same attributes inherent in all women which is the ability to love and show intense feelings toward the opposite sex. The brunette-blond contrast is not really an issue here and it is not uncommon for sisters, especially half-sisters to be totally different in physical features.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I think that James Fennimore Cooper, in coming up with the character of Alice and Cora, simply wanted to impress on his readers the two types of women and how these differences can be reconciled and co-exist in a given situation. Furthermore, in a contemporary period, women are seen as possessing diverse traits and personalities akin to Cora and Alice. The stereotyping of blonds and brunettes unfortunately has not been obliterated although, with the advent of women’s liberation, it is difficult nowadays to categorize women into two limited persona such as that of Alice and Cora. Bibliography: Cooper, James Fennimore. The Last of the Mohicans. Bantam Classics, 1826. Ebert, Roger. â€Å"The Last of the Mohicans.† Chicago Sun-Times 25 Sept. 25, 1992. Kempley, Rita. â€Å"The Last of the Mohicans.† The Washington Post. 25 Sept. 25, 1992. â€Å"The Last of the Mohicans: Summaries and Commentaries.† 8 July 2008 .

Comparing And Contrasting Clear Felling And Selection System Environmental Sciences Essay

C. s. foresters use different Silvicultural systems in order to handle woods throughout its life. A silvicultural system can be defined as the procedure of be givening, reaping and renewing a wood. Forests and forest bases are treated, tended, harvested and regenerated utilizing different techniques. Felling of bases is a common intervention in order to reap lumber, to derive some net income but besides in order to renew woods. Based on the forest direction objectives a Forester or a forest proprietor can follow different silvicultural systems. During the past old ages a base was managed with the chief aim of lumber harvest home ( wood wood merchandises ) and a higher direct net income. Nowadays, due to the enhanced cognition and consciousness of the complexness of the environment and besides due to the consciousness of people for their quality of life, bases are non managed merely for lumber production but besides for ecological and resource aims. This includes clime alteration, quality of life, agreeableness and diversion, national and planetary pacts and ordinances / Torahs, conservationists concerns, planetary heating, C segregation and C emanations. The purpose of this study is to compare and contrast two Silvicultural systems. These are: a ) Clear Felling ( clear felling ) and B ) Choice system. Clear Felling is the system where the full base is cut at one time and so the country is either unnaturally or of course regenerated. Choice system is the system where some trees are harvested ( groups or single ) in order to do infinite for natural regeneration. Variations for both systems are discussed within the present study. Both of the discussed systems have a figure of advantages and disadvantages, and both can be used in woods and forests of any country, ever based on the forest direction aims. Clear Felling can be categorized in the undermentioned three classs: a ) Clear droping i whole base system, B ) Clear droping i progressive strip system and degree Celsius ) Clear droping i alternate strip system. Choice system can be categorized into: a ) The choice system and B ) The group choice system. 1. The Clear Felling System FAO defines Clear Felling as the technique applied in order to fell all trees found on a considerable country at one clip. Clear felling is done for two chief grounds, i.e. gross and regeneration. Many environmental groups are against this technique due to the fact that in most instances clear felling is carried out in big countries and therefore big countries are exposed to eroding and are cut downing the aesthetical, economical and societal value of the site. This is due to inauspicious impact of dirt, dirt eroding, agreeableness and wild-life. Impacts are present in the country until is regenerated and trees grow plenty to cover the country. Clear felling, is the system where all trees of a considerable country, i.e. larger than 1ha i as stated by Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel, 1995, Chapter 3 i are removed and so the country is of course regenerated or regenerated by seting. This leads to a future even-aged base. Clear felling can be applied in bases with the undermentioned features: & A ; gt ; Stands where many dead, unhealthy, or diseased trees are found & A ; gt ; Stands where a batch of damaged trees is present ( amendss by air current or fire ) & A ; gt ; Stands with short rotary motion species, or with light demander species that can non turn in the shadiness & A ; gt ; Stands where after reaping desirable regenerations will be present or are predicted to be present Christou, 1995, states that Clear Felling can be categorized in the undermentioned three classs: a ) Clear droping i whole base system, B ) Clear droping i progressive strip system and degree Celsius ) Clear droping i alternate strip system. 1.1. Whole base Clear Cut System This is the Silvicultural System where the whole base is removed go forthing back a bare country. The country is so regenerated either of course or unnaturally i in most instances by seting ( Figure 1: Clear cut system ) . When natural regeneration ( seeding ) is to be applied, droping must be carried out in the leeward side in order to enable seeds to be blown by air current and to cover the clear cut country. ( Christou, 1995, p.75 ) . In instance that unreal regeneration with either seeding or seting is to be applied, the cost will be really higher due to the cost of seeds, workss but besides due to the high labor cost. Figure 1: Clear cut system Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.forestrynepal.org 1.2. Clear droping i Progressive Strip System With this system ( Figure 2: Clear cut – progressive strip system ) felling is carried out in the signifier of strips which progress in turn in one way across the regeneration country. The produced base will be even-aged if we consider each strip as a compartment. The regeneration largely comes of course from seeds from the staying standing strips/trees. The intent of this system is to derive entree to the base for transit, development and direction. Besides, is the proviso of unreal regeneration from next trees and the protection against air current and snow ( Christou, 1995, p. 78 ) . A new strip will be felled when sufficient regeneration of the old felled strip is present and when that strip is sufficient protected against inauspicious factors, like air current and snow. Figure 2: Clear cut – progressive strip system Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.forestrynepal.org 1.3. Clear droping i Alternative Strip System Is the system where felling is carried out in strips ( Figure 3: Clear cut – alternate strip system ) . Strips are at right angle to the air current way, enabling seeds from the staying untrimmed strips to be blown to the felled strips and therefore natural regeneration to be present ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.forestrynepal.org ) . Uncut strips are to be cut when there are marks that equal natural regeneration is established in the antecedently felled strips i this system largely depends on natural regeneration. The breadth of the strips depends on assorted factors, like weight of seed ( seed travel distance blown by air current ) , terrain ( sloppy/flatted countries ) , inauspicious factors ( air current, snow ) ( Christou, 1995, p. 79 ) . Figure 3: Clear cut – alternate strip system Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.forestrynepal.org 1.4. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Clear Felling System 1.4.1. Advantages of the Clear Felling System Christou, 1995, p.75 and Nyland, 1996 province that the advantages of the clear felling system are the undermentioned: & A ; gt ; It is the simplest of all Silvicultural systems. No particular proficient accomplishments are needed & A ; gt ; Higher outputs per unit of country and lower harvest home costs & A ; gt ; Better control of plagues, viing flora, better seedbeds, and better dirt lacks & A ; gt ; Easier supervising and direction of droping operations & A ; gt ; Where unreal regeneration ( seeding or seting ) is to be used, coveted species can be established since this is up to the director manus & A ; gt ; Regeneration failures can be seen really early ( from the 2nd twelvemonth ) , and so crushing up of failures can be carried out & A ; gt ; Less or even no amendss to the staying trees & A ; gt ; If unreal regeneration will be applied or if natural regeneration which will be decently tended will be applied, the freshly established trees will be clearer from knots and more cylindrical due to natural pruning & A ; gt ; If unreal regeneration of the full country is carried out in one operation, the cost will be lower & A ; gt ; Distribution of age categories are nearing the normal more closely than other systems & A ; gt ; More light reaches the land therefore assisting the regeneration and constitution of the new harvest, particularly for light demander species & A ; gt ; Damages and / or losingss of lumber by windfall is avoided & A ; gt ; Most applicable system when mature and over mature bases are present system & A ; gt ; Easier application of fertilisers in the new harvest & A ; gt ; Easier control of insects and diseases since the whole base is removed & A ; gt ; Yield can be determined before reaping starts & A ; gt ; Specialized equipment designed for harvest home and site readying can be used due to the big country of the site, e.g. if really big country is to be felled, overseas telegram Cranes and reapers can be used 1.4.2. Disadvantages of the Clear Felling System Christou, 1995, p.76 and Nyland, 1996 province that the disadvantages of the clear felling system are the undermentioned: & A ; gt ; Is the worst system as respects biodiversity of a site – a batch of breaks to vegetations and fauna – taking all the big trees adversely impact some wildlife home ground & A ; gt ; Increased weeds invasion in clear felled countries & A ; gt ; In most instances unreal regeneration is applied, which is really dearly-won & A ; gt ; Clear felled countries are exposed for a long clip to weave, hoar and rain, therefore enduring from eroding & A ; gt ; Crop established after clear felling is an even-aged harvest which is normally less immune to weave and snow & A ; gt ; Immature trees are besides felled which non make their concluding increase i less gross & A ; gt ; Soil capacity and features is decreased & A ; gt ; Disturbance of the surface litter during logging displaces stored seeds and additions opportunities for surface eroding on sloppy countries, at least until new workss are grown plenty & A ; gt ; Landowners must hold equal stored seeds in order to use seeding & A ; gt ; The site factors are non to the full used. & A ; gt ; Lowering the aesthetic and diversion value of the country, until the new harvest is to the full established & A ; gt ; If markets can non absorb all the timber the system can non be applied & A ; gt ; Is non a good system for shadiness tolerant species which are used to turn easy under protection 2. The Choice System The Selection System differs from all other systems and is the system where felling ( selective fellings ) and regeneration are distributed over the whole of the country. Christou, 1995 provinces that the chief differences between Selection System and other systems are: a ) Fellings, cuttings and regeneration confined in all over the country and during the whole base life and B ) the ensuing base is uneven aged, where all age and size categories are found in every portion of the base. This system is really the iContinuous Cover Forestryi system, where in the country ever some trees are found standing. In this system, single or groups of trees are harvested to do infinite for natural regeneration. The established harvest is uneven-aged, where trees of all ages are found assorted together over every portion of the country. Regeneration operation is carried out throughout the life of harvest ( Hart, 1991, p. 252-253 ) . Felling of trees all over the country of a wood is possible when the country is little but if the country is big it is non possible to fell the trees over the full country yearly. Therefore, felling is done in a smaller country ( portion of the whole country ) after a certain figure of old ages, which is equal to the figure of the smaller countries i the interval scopes from five to ten old ages ( Hart, 1991, p. 252 ) . This interval is known as felling rhythm. It is really the clip between two consecutive fellings on the same country. In most of the times natural regeneration ( where favorable conditions are present ) will be present and therefore the freshly established base will hold all age and size categories ensuing to an uneven-aged base. In Cyprus, harmonizing to the Marking regulations for Pinus brutia and Pinus nigra, 1992, single trees ( individual tree choice system ) are selected for felling ( over mature, dead, deceasing, diseased, trees of unwanted species, trees with bad features, trees that when felled will enable younger and better trees to turn plenty without competency ) . Besides, in immature plantations, positive or negative choice is carried out. In instances that natural regeneration fails to be present, so seting or seeding is carried out. Figure 4: Choice system Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.forestrynepal.org Figure 5: Choice system Beginning: Dr. Owen Davies Et Al, 2008 Harmonizing to Christou, 1995, p. 87 and Dr. Owen Et Al, 2008, p.64 there are 2 types of Selection System, viz. a ) Single tree choice system and B ) Group Selection system. These two sub-systems are discussed moreover in the following paragraphs. 2.1. The Single-tree Selection System Is the system where felling of single trees is spread throughout the whole base, therefore enable the base to be regenerated within the whole base ( Dr. Owen Et Al, 2008, p. 64-65 ) . In most instances, single mature trees are selected for droping enabling replacement by regeneration ( Christou, 1995, p. 89 ) and therefore taking to a wholly uneven-aged base. This means that all size categories are distributed throughout the whole base. Felling of trees in the same country is merely possible when a little country is found. In instance of big woods this is non possible and so the country is divided into smaller coupes ( block ) , each coupe ( block ) is felled at regular intervals of non more than ten old ages. In each block cuttings are carried out when necessary ( Dr. Owen Et Al, 2008, p. 64 ) . Since all canopy stratas are to be present, natural pruning is present. Forest developed utilizing this system has a great aesthetical value with a more natural expression i all tree sizes are present within the whole country. Skilled forces are needed in order to choose trees for droping, following some regulations, e.g. remotion of dead, bad shaped, rivals etc. Besides, extraction cost would be higher and eventually give will be lesser than in even-aged bases. 2.2. The Group Selection System This system is largely used for light demanding species. In this system the felling is confined to a group of trees alternatively of any single 1. Besides, utilizing this system an uneven-aged base is produced. Felled countries are little in order to have protection and shelter from environing trees/areas ( Dr. Owen Et Al, 2008, p. 64 ) . If bigger countries are felled there is a high hazard of amendss caused by inauspicious climatic conditions, like air current and hoar ( Christou, 1995, p. 91 ) 2.3. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Selection System 2.3.1. Advantages of the Selection system Harmonizing to Christou, 1995, p.90-91 and Hart, 1991, p. 253-254 the advantages of the Selection system are the undermentioned: & A ; gt ; As respects aesthetical value this system is the most applicable, since the whole country will hold trees and regeneration & A ; gt ; Regeneration and stand amendss from air current and hoar amendss are limited & A ; gt ; Elimination of land and dirt eroding & A ; gt ; The general expression of the base is more of course since to the uneven-aged base produced & A ; gt ; Due to the flexibleness of the system we have better possible usage of the site & A ; gt ; Where market requires uninterrupted and little output this system is extremely recommended & A ; gt ; By opening the upper canopy the fire jeopardy is lower & A ; gt ; We can choose each one tree individually if it will be felled or non and this enables the director to fell merely those trees that have reached their increase halt & A ; gt ; Better shelter proviso to fauna and flora & A ; gt ; Weedss are better controlled, since less weeds will turn & A ; gt ; It gives the highest possible protection for sensitive species in order to renew and turn in inauspicious climatic conditions, like hoar and air current 2.3.2. Disadvantages of the Selection system Harmonizing to Christou, 1995, p.90-91 and Hart, 1991, p. 253-254 the disadvantages of the Selection system are the undermentioned: & A ; gt ; A high cognition and accomplishments are required & A ; gt ; Continuous fellings in the same country may non be perceived favorably by the populace & A ; gt ; No clearly output appraisal and finding & A ; gt ; Mostly shade tolerant species are favoured particularly in Single tree Selection system & A ; gt ; If there are jobs with insects and diseases in the country the control will be hard & A ; gt ; If certain harvest home methods are to be used so debasement of the site is possible & A ; gt ; High costs for be aftering and executing of the whole procedure ( taging, droping, regeneration ) & A ; gt ; Is non a suited system in croping countries & A ; gt ; During felling and extraction, hurts are caused to the standing trees & A ; gt ; There is non a determined period of thinning in which attending to the quality of the base will be given 3. Evaluation ( Comparisons and Contrasts ) of the two Silvicultural systems Taking into consideration all the above advantages and disadvantages of both Silvicultural systems, we can do some ratings and comparings, which are detailed discussed in the undermentioned paragraphs. 3.1. Fiscal considerations Under clear felling system there is no demand to engage specialised directors and labors, which will be of a higher cost, and since all trees are removed from the country net income will be higher. On the other manus, in most instances specialized heavy machineries are used for harvest home, conveyance, site readying and for planting/seeding and this addition the cost a batch. Using the clear felling system a big country and a batch of trees are felled. This means that the output will be the higher per unit of country. Besides, the activities cost per unit country will be much lower than in Selection system because machinery, labor, fellings and regeneration will be carried out in the same country. The cost for the extraction roads will be besides lower in the clear felling system ( Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel, p. 53 ) . Site readying after clear felling is easier but more expensive per unit of country. Damages to standing trees and loss of lumber gross are besides avoided, since all trees are felled. Besides, in most instances where clear felling is used, unreal regeneration will be applied since no female parent trees to give their seed will be found in the neighbour country. On the contrary, by using choice system natural regeneration will be an evident, since a batch of environing female parent trees will be found. Sing regeneration, particularly if planting is to be applied in a clear cut country, seedlings will be of the coveted species, and the turning infinite will be controlled and so trees of better features will be grown ( Christou, 1995, p. 75, 90 ) . 3.2. Fauna and Flora Under Selection system, zoology and vegetation is less disrupted since trees are staying in the country. For illustration, under individual tree choice system if there is a nest on a tree, this tree will non be felled. Besides, in instances that sensitive or threatened flora species are found under some trees, or within a little country, the Forester will make up one's mind non to use droping on that country, enabling the protection and/or enlargement of this vegetation ( Christou, 1995, p. 75, 90 ) . 3.3. Aesthetic, Recreation and Amenity It is clear that, under Selection system, a natural visual aspect of the base will be produced i uneven aged base. This will increase the aesthetical value of the base and stand will be unfastened to public for diversion and agreeableness much earlier than if clear cut is applied ( Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel, p. 54 ) . 3.4. Dirt and H2O protection In clear felling there is ever a large job with dirt eroding and landslides, since the whole felled country is unprotected from any trees. In choice system, particularly in the individual tree choice system the dirt is extremely protected from standing trees and staying land flora. Besides H2O catchments countries are enrich with much H2O ( Hart, 1991, p. 254 ) . 3.5. Tree features i shade tolerant / visible radiation demanding species When there is a demand to reforest an country utilizing light demanding species clear droping system is the most applicable since the base is opened plenty to acquire more visible radiation which favours their growing. If in the country shade tolerant species are found or if this type of species is to be used for re-afforestation so the Selection system is the most applicable. Under this system shade is provided to enable immature seedling to turn plenty and to be protected from inauspicious climatic conditions ( Christou, 1995, p. 90 ) . 3.6. Windfall, Insects, Diseases Animals and Weeds In the clear cut system there are no windfalls because all trees are felled, where in Selection System we may hold jobs with windfalls. Sing insects, diseases and animate beings the clear felling system offer more advantages since the country can be controlled by these inauspicious factors. All trees are cut and so no insects and diseases will stay in standing trees. Besides when there is a large job with animate beings, like the ruddy cervid in UK, a clear cut country can be fenced in order to avoid amendss to immature seedlings from animate beings ( Christou, 1995, p. 90 and Hart, 1991, p. 254 ) . In contrary, in the instance of weeds there will be a large job in clear cut countries because the whole country will be without any trees. In choice system there will be no job with weeds since weed invasion will be avoided due to the uninterrupted screen of the country with trees. 3.7. Ecosystem and Site factors Clear cut system will finish alter the ecosystem of the country. This will be really distinguishable in countries with trees that are hard to renew. With the application of Selection system the ecosystem is retained since ever trees will be present and will protect besides the under storey species. Now, sing site factors, e.g. in countries where there is a low precipitation, Selection system must be applied in order to protect and salvage H2O for immature regeneration. In the reverse, when the country has a high precipitation the clear cut system can be applied since immature seedling will non endure from draft. Decision Within the current study two chief silvicultural systems country discussed: a ) Clear felling and B ) Choice system. The first 1 does non follow any regulations since all the trees are felled, where in the 2nd system ( individual tree choice system ) a tree is removed if meets some standards. This indicates that particular cognition is needed. Both systems have many advantages and many disadvantages. In order to make up one's mind upon the system to be followed in an country, a batch of consideration must be taken, like, site conditions, direction ends, public agreeableness and diversion and public protests. In order to make up one's mind which Silvicultural system must be applied to each site a batch of factors must be examined such as the type of the harvest produced, site and climatic conditions, biological and fiscal considerations, biodiversity of the site and aesthetic factors. Both of the systems will give good consequences in their application if they are used in the correct sites with the right manner of application after analyzing in deepness of the factors mentioned above. Every system has its ain country of right application e.g. for United Kingdom which has a batch of rainfall but besides has a batch of jobs with windfalls Clear felling is the best system whether in Cyprus with really low precipitation and really dry summers Selection systems are the best for application. Besides for states where the lumber production and fiscal returns are the primary aims Clear cut is the most applicable system. Choice systems are the best systems for countries where aesthetic, diversion, nature preservation, ecology and sustainability are the chief aims.

Gis and spatial analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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Performance Apprasial Management - Assignment Example Biasness must also be avoided and the necessary actions from the appraisal should be communicated effectively and efficiently to the concerned parties. Companies that have done appraisal well have always been associated with better performance and high employee motivation (Schuler 2006). To achieve the process, employees must be handled as rational people and should not be intimidated. Reasons for appraisal There are various reasons why organizations engage in employee performance. First, it is through evaluation that the organization and employees get to know of the feedback of their performance (Schermerhorn 1993). Research has shown that if employees obtain feedback on their performance, they get to feel appreciated and are therefore ready to continue with their positive performance or improve their efficiency through taking corrective actions. Appraisal also makes employees get motivated. Motivation is the urge of doing or not doing something. If appreciated through giving feedba ck and when employees are challenged of the gap that can be filled to increase efficiency, they get motivated and their commitment to the organization increases (Grote 1996). As a result, the employees’ turnover will reduce and organizational continuity will be enhanced. Another reason for appraisal s to help peg employee rewards. Organizations’ that undertake appraisal get to determine the rewards and bonus on performance. Promotions and retentions will always be based on the appraisal results (Smith & Hornsby 1966). Moreover, appraisals are aimed at identifying the employees training needs and the employees that need to be taken for further training. The employers will therefore be geared at matching the skills required in performance and those in possession by the employees. This will prevent organizations losses and breakages and increase output. In addition, employees’ appraisal is aimed at improving the interaction between the employee and the supervisor h ence creating team building (Lingham 2007). The employees interaction will be enhanced and strong relationship will be created between the employees and supervisors. Appraisal also helps in the revision of employee policies (Smith & Hornsby 1966). Companies like PepsiCo and diamond international that have employed performance appraisal have realized improvements in their performance and high employee morale. In PepsiCo for instance, employees who have achieved exceptional performance are rewarded with bonus and their promotion guaranteed (Armstrong & Appelbaum 2003). These employees are always retained and preferred in cases where the company needs to improve their production of their staff. The same applies in Diamond international where employees, efforts are recognized and rewarded (Schermerhorn 1993). In these companies, there has been increaseproduction and low employee turnover. Through performance appraisal, corrective actions are made and company’s’ products im proved (Alvi 2011). Performance appraisal is therefore value additive when properly done and implemented. Trends in Performance Appraisal Currently, the appraisal methods have tremendously changed to conform to the new organizational structures and objectives (Bhatia 1981). The first trend in employee evaluation is the linking of employees’ performance to the general organizational objectives (Lingham 2007).

Parenting a Genius Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Parenting a Genius - Essay Example However, there are rare situations wherein the gift is a clear portrayal of superb talent at an early age. It does not only manifest as a mere potential because it enormously exceeds being above average. Hence, a gift becomes a miracle because it appears innate and needs less effort for its development. People argue that if all are given potentials, why do some individuals fail to develop their talents? The answer lies in the fact that while all people are bestowed with capabilities, not all have the passion for the enhancement of these capabilities. Talent and passion come hand in hand. Passion is the fuel that can nourish one’s talent. It is noteworthy, that there is a thin line that separates passion from talent. One may develop interest in an area which is far from his potentials. The stimulation of this passion is the key role that one’s environment plays. The surroundings contribute highly to a person’s development. One essential component of this environme nt is home, which includes the parents. Parents are primary caregivers and the ones mainly responsible for igniting a child’s passion. A harmonious parent-child relationship fosters positive environment. The resulting positivity at home is an atmosphere conducive for refinement of a child’s talents. ... It is his empathic nature that compelled him to choose not to win. The subliminal message of innocence and conscience transcends into the viewers. The film also contains a brief comparison of how a father and mother view their child. The father is eager for achievement like winning, while the mother is unconditional and focuses on his son’s feelings. In a heated argument, the mother is willing to take away her son for the sake of the latter’s freedom. Although, the difference between a father’s and a mother’s love cannot be generalized, it touches the fact that family dispute is unsuitable for a positive parent-child relationship. This, in turn, leads audience back to the realization that home is a key factor in the development of a person’s character. It is a common trend when a family’s passion is into music that the children become inclined to music as well. This is the case for David Helfgott, an Australian pianist, to whom the 1996 film Shine centered upon. Director Hicks made an effort to bring Helfgott to the audience through the exploration of the deep core and complexity of the human character. It is with Helfgott’s father, that we came to realize that parents are human beings too - imperfect and vulnerable to egotistical mechanisms. Amidst these parental flaws, what is more important is the parents’ ability to overcome such temptations. In the film Shine, the father tries associating his past through imposing tension upon his son. Helfgott’s father creates an authoritative ambiance which seemed to be suffocating. As a consequence, Helfgott entangled himself with the pursuit of freedom which ultimately led to an emotional collapse. The mental breakdown of Helfgott opened the viewers’

What should Paul do to determine how Plastec compares with other area Essay

What should Paul do to determine how Plastec compares with other area employers in terms of wages and benefits - Essay Example Compensation administration is a section of   human resources focusing on planning, organizing, and controlling the payments that staff gets for the work they carry out. Compensation includes direct forms such as merit, incentive and base pay and indirect forms such as holiday pay, health insurance and deferred imbursement. The final objectives of compensation supervision are: proficient maintenance of a productive  labor force,  just pay, and agreement with state, federal and local regulations based on what companies can meet the expense of. It is a major concern and drawback for Plastec that their turnover has increased. This could further affect their production and the development of the company. Plastec needs to critically analyze their employees working conditions and point out where they lack. One of the reasons for the workers resignation is better packages that are being offered by other companies. Having a sound knowledge of the environment is very crucial for the com pany. Plastec offers less money and health insurance than other companies do. The job is also stagnant as some workers pointed, â€Å"there was no place to go†.   How could Plastec use variable pay to motivate its machine operators to stay? To increase their productivity?     Variable pay, also famous as "pay for performance", is given for particular performance results rather than for routine time worked. While incentives are  not  the answer to all personnel challenges, they can contribute much to motivate the employee. Plastec could use it effectively to enhance the performance of its workers. It is natural instinct of humans to strive for reward, thus variable pays would be a good source of motivation. They could give a month’s free health services, extra pay for over time, or form and evaluate different work groups and rewards on who performs the best. Such positive competition would make them work harder and increase their productivity (Variable Pay: Ho w to manage it effectively, 2011). The majority of the machine operators are in their mid to late forties, some with families, and some without. What types of benefits would you suggest offering?   To make an employee work effectively and efficiently, a company needs to offer him some benefits. One way of keeping a worker content is by offering him bonuses with competitive salaries. Though salary is one of the important incentives that keeps employee satisfied with his job, but it can be the least effective. People eventually get used to their paychecks and increased salary fails to keep the morale of the workers high. Giving out a bonus when employee’s performance is outstanding encourages him to work better (Marr, n.d.). As, majority of the machine operators are in their late or mid forties, there is a very thin chance of them switching jobs. They must be offered retirement benefits. Middle-aged workers usually place a high value on good retirement plans. Employees must b e given reasonable healthcare, vacation days and sick and annual leave. When going out of station for meetings or conferences, the married employees must be allowed to take their spouses with them if feasible. Which employment laws or regulations should Paul pay the most attention to and why? When Paul joined the business firm, the owners gave him two instructions, â€Å"use HR to keep us staffed up so we can grow† and â€Å"keep us out of court†. Hence, it is very essential for Paul to see that the organization is carefully following all the rules and regulations and is free from employee discrimination and harassment. Ensuring the prevention of discrimination and harassment is not just the right thing to do, it is a good business decision. Organizations can avoid costly lawsuits, fines, and settlements by fostering a workplace that is free from harassment and discrimination. The first step is to hire the right people for a specific job to be performed. The workforce hired should be diverse and

Journal Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Journal Article Critique - Essay Example The test materials comprised of dried meat soluble product (DMS) and yeast fermentation product (YFP). In all the three experiments, soybean meal (SBM) of 48% CP content served as the control ingredient. Various batches of every by-product were investigated in all the three tests making use of an apparent ME assay for poultry and digestibility assay for the barrows. In experiment 1, the nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) for YFP, DMS, and SBM were 3.292, 2.801, and 2.909 kcal, correspondingly. In experiment 2, the AMEn was 3.565, 3.207, and 2.809 kcal, in that order. In experiment 3, the AMEn was 3.552, 2.208, and 3.844 kcal, for SBM, DMS, and YFP, respectively. However, in this third test the diets were formulated such that the test ingredients gave the only source of amino acids in every experimental diet. According to the experimental results, for the ME assay for poultry, the DMS product is comparable to the SBM and appears fit for consumption by non-ruminant species according to thei r poor ability to support nitrogen retention in both species. The article flows logically and succinctly explaining its major talking points. The authors clearly state an explicit thesis and have a specific point of view; to evaluate the nutritional value of two non-traditional by-products for ducks and pigs. The article analyzed the DMS by-product and found out that it was associated with high crude protein as well as gross energy contents. In the same way, the SBM was clearly superior to the DMS. This was evidenced by marked differences in retained energy, digestible and apparent ME, nitrogen retention, biological value, and net protein utilization (Ragland, et al., 1998). The researchers cited the work of Lyons and Vandepopuliere that found the potential use of DMS for animal feeding because they used a similar by product to DMS. This makes the argument compelling

Occupational Safety and Health Workplace Violence Coursework

Occupational Safety and Health Workplace Violence - Coursework Example Increased use of hospitals by police and other criminal justice systems for unlawful holds and an increasing number of releasing the mentally ill without proper follow-ups program also presents a threat. Work-related violence has been coupled with reduced productivity, absenteeism, increased turnover, increased counseling costs, reduced value of life and decreased staff morale (CDC, 2006). Another outcome of the abuse at the workplace is the deterioration in the quality of patient healthcare. The tangible or visible impacts of violence at the workplace are disability accompanying physical injuries, but aggression has other, less apparent effects. Nurses have described reduced job performance, difficulty sleeping, chronic pain, declining morale, flashbacks, and nightmares have in the aftermath of workplace violence (CDC, 2006). The physically injured nurses frequently fail to seek out treatment for the injuries. Psychological, as well as emotional impacts, include the feelings of helplessness, fear of recurrent attack, sadness, and irritability. In addition, there is an actual, human cost associated with workplace violence (OSHA, 2004). For example, the nurses who get assaulted exhibi t higher degrees of anxiety, depression, substance abuse and post-traumatic stress disorders, and this are human resources that were lost. Impacts of workplace violence mostly reported through media are incidences that result in non-fatal yet solemn injuries. Statistics have shown that workplace violence is a significant threat to health care and social workers. Bureau of Labor and Statistics data has shown that most of the injuries from assaults at work result in absentees in the health care and social work settings (CDC, 2006). Additionally, workers given inadequate support following a violent incident, might leave or be frightened to return to work.  

Chilean Mine Collasp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chilean Mine Collasp - Essay Example for the public and those directly affected to attribute such unfortunate events to the negligence of the firm involved, delivering such a message can be instrumental in either supporting this opinion or denouncing it. If the firm chooses to deliver the message in a more personal way, especially to the families of the victims, it will seem more caring and compassionate rather than just wring a letter or an email. The same case may apply to the way the news are delivered to the other employees. As Gibson (2011) asserts, the bearer of the message is as important in determining how the message will be received as the way the message is delivered. In such a situation, leadership will be expected to be seen at sight and the message will need a senior person to deliver the news. If a junior employee or junior member of the management is used to deliver the message, the message may be taken less seriously and may also lead to people regarding the firm as uncaring, unconcerned and irresponsible. The need to have a senior member of the firm such as the CEO address the issue in a direct and personal manner, will be important in showing that the firm is concerned and that all necessary actions will be taken to contain the current situation as well as prevent such an incident from coming again. As soon as there is a designated person to communicate the message, the rest of the firm, especially the junior staff, should be instructed not to comment on the subject. This will be important to avoid the situation discussed above, and also to avoid contradicting reports that can make the firm to seem to be hiding something. Definitely, emotional and psychological support will be necessary to help the customers cope up with the bad news. A councilor or a psychiatrist may be needed to help in supporting these families, and make sure that they are able to take the news without having a major breakdown. More importantly, they will need to be clearly informed without hiding anything

Consumer Mathmatics and Statistics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Consumer Mathmatics and Statistics - Assignment Example On the first look, we may say that the claim would be true and we are more likely to believe on it. But, we should also consider that the researcher is implying a connection between Vitamin E being an antioxidant and that it may help fight cancer and heart disease. That is a faulty connection. Noticeably, the use of the word â€Å"might† reduces the ability of the claim to be a 100% true. For we know, using words such as â€Å"may† or â€Å"might†, does not guarantee or assure us that a result will always follow. The researcher has not established a correction connection, thus, used the statistics incorrectly, specifically implied connection mistake was committed (Statistics, nd). To address the problem, the researcher must avoid using words that would suggest a doubt to the readers. Another misuse of statistics is called suspect samples. To illustrate this, let us consider a statement made by an author in a recent article, claiming that 71% of adults do not use sunscreen. Determining the correct sample size and correct sampling method is one of the crucial parts of doing statistics. The previous statement is quite misleading since the sample used was not declared or where did the sample has came from was not stated. If these 71% of the adults are from the North Pole, which there is no enough sunlight for nearly four months, then that would be true. However, the conclusion would not be correct since those adults do not represent the whole number of adults in the US or in the world. Or, if the samples were from countries like Saudi Arabia, the Middle East or regions experiencing a hot climate and direct sunlight, the results would have been different. That is, we can conclude that most adults are using sunscreen. In eliminating the mistake, the researcher should present a data or report that the readers can conclude that the samples are really representative of the population being studied, or indicate a reliable source of the information

Hunting Snake by Judith Wright Essay Example for Free

Hunting Snake by Judith Wright Essay First of all remember that we would never know what exactly the poet is trying to mention and non of the comments can said to be ‘wrong’ Great black snake represents the aborigin people in Australia and the person who gets scared of this snake is an English occupier. The word black is simply you can understand that it means black people and snake is a wild animal who lives on their own land but humans are the occupiers and the writer at the same time fears and admires the snake while the snake fled which mean the snake is also afraid of the people. As you can understand in present time, English people have started moving to Australia in order to get that place and the aborigins, the original people of Australia is being ignored at the same time we admire them but this admire is so extreme and unnecessary that we make them feel like theyre wild animals. And if you ever go to Australia, you would see that the tour guides would show the local people of Australia, the aborigins with their hands and we would admire them but we will never chat with them or have any talk between as we are scared and this is also the way we treat the wild animals. In the first stanza, we can see a perfect Picture of the atmosphere. The sky is in ‘gentlest’ way despite when the person sees that ‘great’ ‘black’ snake, we can understand that with using the word ‘great’, person admires the snake. But why is the word ‘black’ is used? As you can understand the color black represents darkness which humans fear. Also don’t we talk about racism, the ‘black’ and white people. We treat the black people as the same way, we act like they’re aliens, like they’re different from us and also we show an unnecessary amount of admire which makes them more alienated.

Special interest tourism

Special interest tourism Abstract Tourism is included in the most dynamic and propulsive activities, with complex and multiple effects. It supplies tourism with strong driving force in wide range of activities and includes it more and more into priorities of economic development of numerous receptive countries and their particular parts. Wealth, preservation and appeal of natural resources, large number of traditional agricultural households, gradual increase in domestic population living standard, as well as increasing interest of international market for performances of special interest tourism, make solid framework for development of this branch of tourism in Serbia, where required conditions exist. The development of other, accompanying activities is emphasized also in order to enrich the content that this particular branch of tourism has to offer. The intention of the authors in this paper is to, whit particular retrospective on conditions in Croatia and Serbia, answer to some developmental questions of tourism progress, depending on natural, economic and social facts, recognition of geographic aspects of terrain and determination by human factor in enhancing special interest tourism with all of its following content, through its work and activities. Key words: special interest tourism, comparative analysis, market, accommodation capacities, education. Introduction Based on key factors of success analysis, apparent is that both destinations have relatively good potential for developmental and international commercialization of tourism product. The fact is, that this product is based on preserved natural resources, to the larges extent, which both countries are abundant with, which enables them to define, develop and supply international market with attractive product palette of special tourism services. Natural and economic resources of special interest tourism in Istrian Regoin and Kolubara District Istrian Region by its geographic and natural landmarks has significant advantage, amongst others, in development of special interest tourism. This is justified by numerous data that evidence Istrian precedence in degree of quality supply, as well as the visit, when it comes to tourism in general. To comprehend completely essential vantages for tourism development of special interest places, parallel review of basic characteristics of each region is given, Istrian Region and Kolubara District, that also disposes with numerous natural attributes and potential possibilities. Additional assurance of special interest tourism prosperity on both locations, what can be seen from previous table is attractive relief that includes water areas, mountains, numerous gouges, caves and other. Segments of product Starting with a fact that special interest product is compounded of large number of market niches, the easiest way to segregate it is following: Mild or soft activities that include camping, hiking, bike riding, rafting, 44 driving, in-nature activities, horse riding, fishing, etc. Some of these activities, for example animal chase are being largely commercialized in Istria and Serbia, while some are being included in maps and catalogues of specialized operators, more in Istria then in Kolubara District. It is good to keep in mind that particular niches of special interest products, can represent an included part of product group Mountains and Lakes as additional activities while vacationing. Rich offer of activities represents a base for development of these products throughout the year, not only during high season. Rough or hard activities, that refer to canoeing or kayaking down river streams, exploring canyons, caves, mountain biking, cross country skiing, alpinism, free climbing, paragliding, jeep safari and similar. All of these activities, can in long-term, be presented as independent product on the market, particularly because their organization and popularization need more investment in promotion, standard formation and similar. Cultural resources activities, gastro interests, monastery tours, places of importance heritage tours, archeological journeys and similar. Market special interest products ought to be introduced to domestic market, as well as to foreign emissive markets of special interest like Germany, Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Italy etc. Competitive strategy of special interest tourism development in Serbia Taking into consideration complexity of the product, it is hard to determine unique developmental strategy. Each creative and professional destination, with its management on behalf, will determine its own competitive strategy. Regarding that Serbia is taking smaller steps in tourism supply and in its representation on foreign markets, in comparison to Istria, it must specially focus on these production segments which accompanied with reasonable prices and low costs make its biggest potential. On the other hand, Serbia must directly approach communication among its strategic benefits in special interest product, even more because of the fact that these products development and their international popularization do not require large financial investment. Although the special interest product is of mostly seasonal character, vast resource base provides Serbia with possibility of organizing activities in this domain, throughout the year. Aiming for faster popularization of special interest product, needed is to stimulate development of destination management companies, who have programs for preparation and development of different product segments. Special interest product are usually promoted by specialized brochures of foreign tour-operators, presentations on specialized fairs and especially by direct marketing and internet. To enhance international promotion of this product in Serbia, special internet platform should be established, connected to powerful international internet providers. Accommodation facilities are essential and characteristic features of tourism area, which implies that their space and quality in significant part determine range of tourism circulation; their types, forms and quality directly affect types and forms of tourism and therefore tourisms economy effects. In continental Istria possibilities of hotel, camp, private accommodation and family agricultural households prevail. In Kolubara District domestic country tourism is developed, which could contribute to tourism development of that particular part of Serbia in total, but its still being conducted slowly and poorly organized. Models of development Considering special interest product as mainly reposing on natural resources preservation, both in Istrian Region and Kolubara District, there is a big chance for this product to develop, define itself and offer itself to international market. Special interest product can in medium term develop on low cost strategy, with small investments and reasonable prices, considering wealth of resources. In medium and long term, Serbia must raise general competitiveness level in field of infrastructure development, particularly road accessibility, which open numerous opportunities for special interests products development, what characterizes majority of even vaguely developed tourist countries. Besides, both regions have traditional and cultural heritage and conditions that facilitates them to attract tourists interest, what enables tourists to, while on vacation, use their leisure time to get to know the people and surroundings, where they temporarily reside in (to see the museums, galleries, special collections and similar). Cultural manifestations also have strong ability to attract tourists, supplying with enrichment of contents, higher value to an area or a place and enable higher cost budget. Naturally, high emphasis is put on distinguished conditions for rural tourism development in agro-tourism oasis of Istria and Kolubara. Global market potential of special interest product significantly overcomes possibilities of Serbia and Istria to develop and popularize this product, exceptionally in short and medium term. Therefore, intensifying global communication of this product by mediation with present global internet portals is of great importance. Simultaneously, creation of sales orientated internet portal and other common steps of advanced popularization with preceding unification of special interest product leading organizations. Conclusion Development and popularization of special interests do not require high investment. Therefore, the emphasis is on management of activities that are much less favored in Istrian Region and Kolubara District. Following this context, developmental model of this product should be based on following activities: Location of coordination responsibility for development and popularization of special interest product, especially because of large number of small individual organizations activities (for example fishing and animal chase) lacking in joint effort for serious popularization, on behalf of the region or whole country. Identification and creation of unique data base of activity organizations and special interest supply. Creation of greatest worlds tour-operators data base in field of special interests. Support and financial stimulation for private personae when forming new companies for destination management. Additional regulation of activities description for these companies, that make the most important link in chain of product value. Drawing initiative for general preservation and sustainable development of mountains, rivers and lakes, together with successive formation of infrastructure favorable for special interests development. Program of incorporation of specialized and scientific workers and education of tourist guides for various cultural and scientific contents in field of this product. Formation of special quality systems in field of special interest products. Seminary organization by qualified companies in all tourism clusters. Organization of special tours for those engaged in this field. Support of specialized magazines and publication launching in this field. Educational program for specialized guides Consumer protection program and other competitiveness programs in general. References DFV, Nachhaltige Entwicklung: Tourismus und Umwelt, 2008 Hamovic, V. „Quality of service and consumer protection in tourism, Besjeda, Banja Luka,RS, 2004 Horner, S., Swarbrook, J. International cases in tourism management, Elsevier, London, England, 2004 htt://www.wttc.org/reports/wttc99ver1.3doc Kripendorf, J. „Traveling Mankind, Zavod za istraÃ…Â ¾ivanje trÃ…Â ¾iÃ… ¡ta, Zagreb, Croatia, 1986 Ph. Kotler, Keller K. Marketing management, Data status, Belgrade, Serbia, 2006; Weaver, D., Lawton, L. „Tourism mangement, Data status, Belgrade, Serbia, 2008; Strategija razvoja turizma Srbije do 2015.godine; MagaÃ… ¡, D., „Management in touris organization and destinations, Adamic, Rijeka, Croatia, 2003; MaruÃ… ¡ic, M., PrebeÃ…Â ¾ac, D. „Tourist market research, ADECO, Zagreb, Croatia, 2004; BuleÃ… ¡ic, E. „Rural tourism in Istria, University in Rijeka, Business department Pula, Croatia, 2004. Golja, S. „Opportunities for tourism development in rural area of Istrian Region University in Rijeka, Business department Pula, 2008. This article represents a part of the Project no. 149007 D research results Multifunctional Agriculture and Rural Development Aimed at EU Integration of Serbia, financed by the Serbian Ministry of Science and and project Competitiveness and Comparative sustainable rural development of Istra and Kolubara region, within the program of scientific-technical cooperation of R.Serbia and R.Croatia. Both projects are financed by the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.

The Strengths And Limitations Of Personalisation Social Work Essay

The Strengths And Limitations Of Personalisation Social Work Essay With the continuously growing number of older population in the country and the life expectancy that keeps on increasing, the demand for the elderly care is also equally on the increase. Consequently the government are also putting in effort in order to continue improving the service provided for the elderly care such as the introduction of personalisation into the care service in the government policy in December 2007, when the Putting People First concordat was published. This is the reason why this assignment will be looking into this concept of personalisation in further depth along by looking at the strengths and limitations of implementing it into the social care. CONTENT The term personalisation as picked up by the Department of Health and is being used as a term to describe the series of reforms drawn out in the 2007 concordat Putting People First. In its formulations the policies have been set within the following framework of improving access to universal services, the prevention and early intervention, the increase of choice and control by the users and also growing social capital for the care (Department of Health, 2009). In addition to this, personalisation is about giving people more choice and control over their lives in all social care settings. It also means to recognise the user as a person with strengths and preferences and it starts with the user instead of the service (Social Care Institute for Excellence, 2012). The reasons why personalisation is introduced in social care is because the government is against the one size fits all concept in terms of providing care as it has been found to have not met most of the needs of the user especially with the fact that all users are different. The second reason is to finish up the The 1988 Griffiths Report on Community Care in which it advises that social services should become brokers to a range of care and support providers. It also proposed that social workers should take on a care management role.Thirdly is to combat the McDonaldisation in social care. This McDonaldisation thesis consists of five primary components of efficiency (minimising time in delivering care), calculability (trying to get user to believe that they are getting quality care for lesser money spent), predictability (where the care provided are highly routine and predictable), control (standardised and uniform care provider) and also, culture (as part of the standardised control) . Finally, personalisation is implemented due to the convergence of disability movement and also the increasing neo-liberal marketisation. The disability movement as a part of service user movement and the social model of disability have been a really powerful driving forces in lobbying for government reforms. An evidence for this is the Community Care (Direct Payments) Act, 1996 where the direct payments have been made available to the disabled adults of working age in England and have since been extended to other groups (Carr, 2010). The popularity and success has stimulated much of the personalisation around service users and also the development of personal budgets (Glasby and Littlechild, 2009). In November 2010, A vision for adult social care: capable communities and active citizens document was published, with personal budgets and personalisation, put central along with prevention, health and social care integration and the development of a plural and creative social care market to enable choice forming central aspects of the continuing social care reform. In this document too, it was made clear that personal budget alone does not in itself mean that services are automatically personalised. People should get personal choice and control over their services rather than the inflexible block contracts from supported housing to personal care (Department of Health 2010). Glasby (2012) explained that the concept of personal budgets is rather than assessing the users needs and selecting services from fairly limited menu of options, personal budgets start by placing each individual into a cost band and being up front about the resources available. By knowing how much of money is a vailable for them to spend on their needs then allows them and their circle of support to make decisions about how the money could best be spent (by direct services, direct payments, public services, the independent sector, paying family and friend or any of the combination). Some of the strengths of using personalisation concept are the users outcomes can be improved and at the same time, costs can be reduced as people who control their own budgets are able to find smarter solutions for meeting their needs and can reduce their need for paid support. This is possible because the person is empowered to make the better, right kind of decisions, seize new opportunities and respond more quickly to their own problems. In the old welfare system the government pushes resources into those services that it believes people need. Users can only receive little benefit from these resources because it is unlikely that the services are perfectly tailored to meet their needs and there is no opportunity for the user to mobilise those resources to pull in in other resources. However, when someone has a Personal Budget they are able to make quality, efficient use of those resources. Such as rather than paying  £10,000 per year at the day centre and the user will simply ha ve to put up with whatever services offered there that they do not value. Instead, if the user is given a  £10,000 Personal Budget they then can actually spend some of their budget on those particular services they value, e.g. only coming into the centre on the good days. This process explains why people can get better lives with less money as the money that can be controlled works better with the new found freedom than the money that cannot be controlled (Duffy, 2010). Other than offering better quality choices and empowering the service user, personalisation also is shown to be consistently cost effective of the public finance as found by Glasby and Littlechild (2002) that direct payments support are on average 30-40 per cent cheaper than the equivalent directly provided services. In addition to this, it was discovered that carers feel the relationship between them and the service user has improved due to them or their relatives being able to access the direct payments (Rethink Mental Illness, 2011). Finlayson (2002) also suggested that this positive relationship between the carer and service user is central to carers job motivation and satisfaction as in turn it will increase the quality of care provided. Another advantage of this concept as suggested by Zarb and Nadash (1994) is that the flexibility of the service is enhanced. The service provided is fitted around the users time on top of their different needs rather than fitted around the carer s timetable. Although according to the findings discussed earlier that expressed the positive outcomes of personalisation, there are few limitations associated into practicing it. The first one is that it is inappropriate to some users especially those who are mentally incapable and the elderly. It is found to be a daunting experience as they are suppose to manage their own financial arrangements directly which will also add extra burden and unwanted stress for them. On top of this, most of service users are also anxious by becoming employers and having to deal with responsibility particularly when they are unwell. This is especially with regard to assistance with the direct payments managing of the service user, either by family member, friend or support agency on the users behalf. In addition to this issue, the potential problem that could possibly happen regarding the vulnerable user is being exploited and potential for their money to be fraud (Leece and Bornat, 2006). On the other hand, as su ggested by Glasby and Littlechild (2009) the local authorities have a key role in making their systems as simple as possible and also proportionate to the risk, along with the availability of independent support (such as peer support and support agency) and the advent of self-directed support to reduce potential hassle from this concept should any problem arise. Another limitation of this concept is the community care assessments that are carried out sometimes underestimated the needs of user, especially those with mental illness as their needs are subjective (for instance, not so obvious on a good day) and therefore failed to be met. To make matter worse, these assessments are often not person-centred as it lacks of users involvement in decision making thus, they tend to be passive recipients and disempowered. This highlights the need of a better person-centred assessment by the professionals involved as the central element in the direct payments is good assessment. Hence, a better, different kind of relationship needs to be developed between the professional and the users as well as other approach to allocate the community care resources for this particular service user (Leece and Bornat, 2006). Another problem is direct payments and personal budgets are identified as a threat to the professional expertise of the social workers, as well as the longer hours due to the flexibility needed. It was also suggested that at one critical point, services will not be able to be managed properly as more users are becoming employers thus, changing the balance of the services'(Leece and Bornat, 2006). In contrast, direct payments and personal budgets are able to free social workers up to focus on people who are in greater need of support and thus, reconnect their value base and principles of profession (Glasby and Littlechild, 2009). Furthermore, the monopoly of market with the increasing choice through the direct payments is seen to be a problem. This will someway force the existing providers to make more effort to be more appealing to the service users in order to avoid of going bust. Additionally the real goals of these providers are often doubted as whether they will put quality care over profit-making (Leece and Bornat, 2006). The argument against this is that with the presence of competition, the providers will struggle to increase their quality of care along with a better value in order to keep up with the other providers. The strengths of the concept of personalisation as per discussed have found to be outweighed by the limitations that are associated to it. This is also proved to be the case as nearly all users is found to be satisfied with their experiences of using the direct payment as they found it to be more convenient and secure in the research carried out for the Department for Work and Pensions (2004). Out of the total participants, 75% reported to have found no disadvantages when using the direct payment. CONCLUSION The concept of personalisation has had a long history on why the government want to put it into practice as a way of reforming the social care particularly in the last few years when the direct payments and personal budgets were introduced. This was proved to be a huge success with majority of the users are extremely satisfied with how it has changed their lives in terms of empowering and giving them better quality of choices. Moreover, it was also found to be cost-effective and thus, able to save large amount of the public fund. However, as this concept was also subjected to few arguments against it, such as it not being able to cater certain types of user, there is also backup plan, support and effort made by the local authorities to minimise this. Moreover, the arguments that it threatens the social workers profession and the market balance are found to be ungrounded. Thus, the benefit of implementing personalisation in social care was found to overshadow the limitations as discus sed earlier.

My Moral Philosophy Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

What is a moral code? I feel that a moral code is a "unwritten code that one lives by," This code is indicating how I should live. There is not anyone watching over me judging my moral code; just I am responsible to my self for my actions. However, a moral code should always be in my head and tells me how to act in all situations. An example would be littering; is it right to throw that gum wrapper out the window of my car? No, just put it in a pocket, I can throw it out later. If you I throw that wrapper out the window I might feel what Dick Gregory (433) calls "shame"; the feeling of regret or disgrace over an action like throwing a gum wrapper out the window. The moral code would make me feel this way because I would disgrace my own moral code by throwing that wrapper out the window. I might even consider why, should I cause some one else to clean up my mess and feel shameful for causing that to happen? Another example would happen when driving in traffic. Sure, I could be that guy who doesn't let anyone in traffic and be the one yelling and honking, but why? It's not going to help me go any faster. Just relax and let some one in the traffic. Then some day when I really need to be let in traffic, the person who I let in will let me in or another person who I let in will recycle that good deed and let some one else in and in time it will get back to me. When one does a good thing it will always come back to help in time. In the end, I feel that one must treat others the way he/she would like to be treated. An example of this happened when I was on Phish tour. I lost my wallet in Albany a few years back. The kid that found it remembered me and knew he would see me at a Phish show eventually. He used my ticket for the show he was going into, but he saw me a week later and bought me a ticket for that show. In return, this past tour his car broke down so I let him jump in and ride with us. Therefore, his helping me get my wallet back helped him out directly in the long run. This is the type of person I want be, the person who helps out, and then is helped out in the end. This interpretation of a moral code reminds me of Existentialism and Jean Paul Sartre's view "that there is nothing else of man but what he makes of himself" (451), so the moral code is a part of man. There is nothing .. ...e that trip to Cape Cod, but not sit at a bar and wish it. My moral code would be to have the most pleasure in life as possible. I will not look back at college and be feeling that those were my best days. Every moment will be as enjoyable as possible, like the Epicureans. If I follow my moral code then I will have lived my life to the fullest and with the moralitys that was important to me. This includes treating others as I want to be treated, feeling that when I do something good it will come back to help me, and seeking a surplus of pleasure over pain every day. Works Cited Strodach, George. "The Philosophy of Epicurus." The Course of Ideas. Second Edition. Jeanne Gunner and Ed Frankel, Washington: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991. 417-420. Sartre, Jean Paul. "Existentialism." The Course of Ideas. Second Edition. Jeanne Gunner and Ed Frankel Washington: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991. 451-455. Hoffer, Eric. "Long Live Shame." The Course of Ideas. Second Edition. Jeanne Gunner and Ed Frankel,Washington: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991. 433-438.

Soliloquies Essay - Kates Soliloquy in The Taming of the Shrew :: Taming Shrew Essays

Kate's Soliloquy in The Taming of the Shrew Kate's soliloquy brings about a joyous conclusion to The Taming of the Shrew. The audience leaves the theatre with a pleasant feeling, glad that such a shrew could be tamed so well. Kate herself realised the error of her ways, making the men feel confident while making the women feel safe. Moreover, the audience found the speech to be very sound and sensible, as the views expressed in the play were extremely popular at that point in time. Kate, in realising her iniquitous ways, made the men feel extremely confident of their status in Elizabethan society, and effectively reinforced their beliefs about their own strength. Also, Shakespeare succeeds in creating a feeling of safety for the female audience, as well as in making them feel as through they are accepted for their kindness to men, and in the norm. Women, not having a strong role in society at that time, enjoyed receiving praise and encouragement for their purpose in society. Furthermore, they felt vindicated as Kate solemnly insulted the disobedient women (Bianca and the Widow), telling them to "Come, come, you froward and unable worms!". It may also be said that this play, as well as similar plays of the Elizabethan era, assisted in contributing to the oppression of females in society for an innumerable amount of years. After the conclusion of The Taming of the Shrew, including Kate's soliloquy, the audience is left with a proud feeling - proud of the fact that Petruchio tamed such a shrew so well. The men of the audience are about with feeling of satisfaction and justification. Shakespeare skillfully catered towards both sexes by using Petruchio much like the stereotypical action figure of today; a character who does the unbelievable effortlessly and leaves the audience in awe. In the play Petruchio, short after the inception of his skillful wooing, begins a plan "to kill a wife with kindness". Craftily he gives her anything that she pleases, only to swipe it away when he finds a flaw in the item. he also resorts to keeping Kate as a prisoner in his home, until she slowly becomes subservient and submissive to him.

Iraq: A Country On The Rise Essay -- essays research papers

Iraq: A Country on the Rise   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Iraq is a country that is on the rise. After being crushed by allied troops for their invasion of Kuwait, they have begun the slow rebuilding process. In this report, I will discuss the basic geographic features of Iraq, and other various important features such as mineral wealth, vegetation, ect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Iraq's total area is 271,128 square miles (just slightly more than twice the size of Idaho). It's capital, Baghdad, is located at 33.20 north longitude, 44.24 east latitude. It's boundaries are 2,222 miles long. With 906 miles bordering Iran, 83 miles bordering Jordan, 149 miles bordering Kuwait, 502 miles bordering Saudi Arabia, 376 miles bordering Turkey, and a coastline 36 miles long. The terrain in Iraq is mostly broad plains, with reedy marshes in the southeast, mountains along toe borders with Iran and Turkey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Climate in Iraq is most desert, with mild to cool winters and dry, hot cloudless summers. The northernmost regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters and occasional heavy snows. Iraq has few natural resources, consisting of Crude oil, natural gas, various phosphates, and sulfur. Their maritime (ocean) clams are just the continental shelf on their coastline, and twelve nautical miles beyond that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Iraq and Iran have just recently restored diplomatic relations in the year 1990, but are still trying to work out written agreements settling their disputes from their eight-year war concerning definite borders, prisoners-of-war, and freedom of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt-al-Arab waterway. In April of 1991, Iraq officially accepted the UN Security Council's Resolution 687, which states that Iraq accepts the boundaries that were set in it's 1963 agreement with Kuwait, and ending all claims to the Bubiyan and Warbah Islands, and all claims to Kuwait. On June 17, 1992, the UN Security council reaffirmed the finality of the Boundary Demarcation Commission's decisions. Disputes also occur with Syria about water rights on the Euphrates, and a potential dispute with Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates river.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Iraq has some environmental problems, consisting of air and water pollution, soil degradation (caused by saliniza... ... had better not. The Department of State warns all US citizens against traveling to Iraq. Conditions within the country remain unsettled and dangerous. The US does not maintain diplomatic relations with Iraq, and cannot provide normal consular protective services to US citizens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A passport and visa are required to travel to Iraq (along with an AIDS test if you are planning to stay longer than 5 days). Since 1991, US passports are not valid for travel in, to, or through Iraq without authorization from the Department of state. An adapter is necessary to use Iraqi electrical outlets. Although Iraq does not have an embassy in the US, it does have an interest section in the Algerian Embassy in Washington, DC. Iraqi nation holidays are the following: New Years Day-Jan. 1, Iraqi Army Day-Jan. 6, Id al-Fitr-Apr. 16, Id al-Adha-Jun. 21, 1958 Revolution-Jul. 14, 1968 Revolution-Jul. 17,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Iraq may have it's problems now, it is a country on the rise. It's economy is stabilizing. and it's government is in the process of working it bugs out. Some day, Iraq may be one of the world's superpowers, just like the US.

Bottled Water Essay

A couple of decades ago, people turn to the tap for drinking water. Now, most people, both young and old, drink water from bottles. In fact, the demand for bottled water is so great that it has become a multimillion-peso business in the country today. Why is there a substantial growth in the demand for bottled water? The main reason is the increasing health consciousness of the people. Many people prefer bottled water because they question the cleanliness of tap water. The quality of tap water has been decreasing. To be safe, people choose bottled water to avoid drinking water that may be contaminated with harmful microorganisms. Contaminated water can cause diarrhea and other stomach disorders that kill, like dysentery, gastroenteritis, amoebiasis, cholera, and hepatitis. Mostly, the bottled water that you buy is either mineral water or purified water. Water plants use surface water or ground water as the main raw material. These plants are located in places far from cities and industrial centers to avoid contamination. MINERAL WATER Mineral water comes from mineral springs. It normally contains a high content of mineral salts or gases, and which consequently may have an action on the human body different from that of ordinary water. Mineral waters are usually classified as alkaline, saline, chalybeate (iron-containing), sulfurous, acidulous, and arsenical. Mineral springs are generated deep underground, where, under intense heat and pressure, calcium, iron, potassium, sodium, and other minerals are leached from the surrounding rocks. Mineral water is also called aerated water. (The term â€Å"aerated† means charged with gas.) The most common gases that are in mineral water are carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. GUIDELINES FOR BOTTLED MINERAL WATERS There are strict rules for water to be labeled as mineral water. Genuine mineral water should contain the right percentage of such minerals as manganese, chromium, selenium, zinc, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, and other minerals. In California, United States, to be labeled â€Å"mineral water,† the water must contain 550 parts per million (ppm) of total dissolved solids (TDS). In Europe, mineral water must meet several criteria. One is that the water must flow freely from its source, meaning it may not be pumped or forced from the ground, and the water must be bottled directly at its source. Furthermore, the water’s properties, such as its temperature, mineral balance, and pressure have not varied in ten years. Some better known brands of mineral water in Europe include Evian and Ferrier of France, Ferarrele of Italy, and Apollinaris of Germany. All these conatin 330, 560, 1,400, and 2,250 ppm of TDS, respectively. MEDICINAL EFFECTS OF MINERAL WATER It has long been believed that mineral springs possess great curative powers. In fact, people have used mineral water since ancient times to cure such ailments as rheumatism, skin infections, and poor digestion. Also, many effervescing waters (impregnated with carbon dioxide gas) are used as table beverages and to dilute spirits or wines. Because of the springs’ medicinal effects, medicinal spas have been built around mineral springs. These spas are frequented by people who are hoping that the spring’s waters will relieve them of their ailments, such as gout, liver trouble, indigestion, and rheumatism. DISTILLED WATER Water that is treated by the process of distillation forms distilled water. This substance is purer than the original water because salt and other impurities do not evaporate with the water. Distillation is the principal method for purifying water. In this process, the water is vaporized into steam, the steam is condensed back into liquid water, and the water is collected in a separate container, leaving behind the impurities. Other methods of water purification include chlorine treatment, ozone treatment, ultraviolet decontamination, and oxidation-reduction media. Also, one method of water purification is with the use of iodinated resin. Iodinated resin can destroy even the smallest viruses through electrostatic attraction. Negatively charged contaminants are drawn to the positively charged resin. This ensures contact, no matter how small the microorganisms that might otherwise escape if filters are used. Upon contact, the resin releases sufficient iodine to penetrate and kill the microorganisms. PRODUCING SAFE, PURE WATER One of the most effective methods of producing safe, pure water consists of a three-step process. The first step is the use of sediment filters to remove large particles. The sediment filter acts to screen out suspended matter and can also remove many harmful bacteria and protozoa that may be present in the water. The second step is to purify the water through the use of iodinated resin. This devitalizes even the smallest harmful microorganisms within the water. Biological contaminants could also be removed by exposure to ultraviolet light, killing the microorganisms that may still be in the water. The third step is the use of carbon filters to remove taste- and odor-causing contaminants. The filter’s activated carbon and its ion exchange resin remove unwanted ions and molecules from water, leaving those that make water  pleasant to drink. The activated carbon also initiates a chemical reaction that converts free chlorine, which water utilities put in water to kill germs, into chloride and hydrogen ions, which are safe and taste all right. Other systems in bottling water consist of several steps that utilize both purification and filtration processes. In some systems, water is passed through as many as 16 stages in the whole process. Water is an all-important substance that sustains life here on earth. However, safe, pure water is becoming a rare commodity everywhere. Bottled water, whether mineral or distilled, offers safe drinking water for all of us.

Attitude and Behaviour

It would seem reasonable to argue the existence of a link between attitude and behaviour and to further assume that it is those same attitudes that determine that behaviour. However, there are many variables to consider which may affect the strength of such a link. It is important to distinguish between the influence of different types of attitude (reference), the first type being attitudes towards general entities and the second being attitudes towards more specific ones. This essay will look at how attitudes can be a poor predictor of behaviour on a broad perspective but become effective predictors when looked at in a narrower and more specific way. However, the additional impact of a wide array of other variables undermines the accuracy of the link between attitudes and behaviour and complicates the drawing of clear conclusions. ‘Attitude’ is defined by Eagly and Chaiken in their book The Psychology of Attitudes as ‘a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favour or disfavour’. reference) In other words, an ‘attitude’ is a judgement or evaluation made about any ‘entity’ which can be assessed along a measurement of favourability. As well as a person’s attitudes differing in positivity, (i. e. some attitudes possessed can be positive, neutral or negative), they also can differ in strength, (i. e. one may feel more strongly about a certain topic than another), and therefore consider it a more important topic. In brief, ‘behaviour’ is the actions of an individual which can be objectively measured. Some may argue that attitudes are a weak predictor of behaviour. In 1969, Wicker, after reviewing studies such as that of Richard LaPiere, concluded that attitudes and behaviour are only slightly, if at all, related. LaPiere, in the 1930s, seemed to suggest very little correlation between attitude and behaviour. LaPiere travelled around America with an Asian couple at a time where anti-Asian prejudice was prevalent. Although concerned that the couple would be refused from many of the hotels along the way, he found that only one out of the 250 hotels did so. After his travels, LaPiere sent a letter to each of the hotels asking whether they would allow Chinese guests. Of all his replies, only one declared they would serve a Chinese guest. This study, and others like it at the time, seemed to suggest very few links between attitude and behaviour. However, there are a number of problems with this study, such as the fact that there is no guarantee that the person who answered the letter is the same person who let the Chinese couple stay. The question in the letter as to whether they would let a Chinese couple in is also too broad a statement as it does not specify if they are a ‘well-dressed Chinese couple accompanied by an American college professor’ (ref). The limits of the success of attitude predicting behaviour can also be seen by the fact that similar attitudes held by different people can lead to different behaviour from those individuals. Indeed, Thurstone wrote; ‘It is quite conceivable that two men may have the same degree or intensity of effect favourable towards a psychological object and that their attitudes would be described in this sense as identical but†¦ that their overt actions would take quite different forms’. ref print out) In other words, one cannot predict an individual’s actions according to his/her attitudes as two different people with the same attitude towards something may act according to that attitude in completely different ways. There are also many other factors which will determine how effective attitude is in predicting behaviour. One such factor is the strength of the attitude which one holds. The stronger one’s attitude, the more likely it is to predict behaviour. This is because if a person holds a very strong positive attitude towards something, they are likely to act positively towards it. However if that person holds another, weaker, attitude towards something, thereby valueing it of less importance, they will be less likely to act according to that attitude. Furthermore, an attitude based on direct experience rather than second hand information will be more effective in predicting behaviour. This was demonstrated in a study by Fazio and Zanna, 1981, whereby participants were asked to solve several puzzles. One the one hand, in the second hand condition, some participants were shown how to solve the puzzles, and on the other, in the direct experience condition, some participants were allowed to work on the puzzles beforehand. Attidude being measured as intrest shown, and behaviour being measured as the order and proportion of the puzzles solved, the test showed a correlation between attitude and behaviour of between . 51 and . 54 in the direct experience condition while only between . 22 and . 20 in the indirect experience condition. (ref printout). It can therefore be seen that attitudes can predict behaviour under some cercumstances, such as those layed out by Fishbein and Ajzen. The extent to which attitude can predict behaviour is also circumstantial to factors such as how one persives the importance of that attitude and what that attitude is based upon. Behaviour is also affected by other factors which may be opposing to the attitude held by an individual. Subjective norms and perceived behaviour controle also influence behaviour. Therefore, when looking at all three together, predicting behaviour may be effective, however, when looking at attitude by itself such predictions may be weak.

Jane Eyre: Relating to Feminism and Bertha Manson as an Alter Ego

The novel, Jane Eyre, describes the transformation from childhood to adulthood of an orphaned girl named Jane. Bertha Mason, is portrayed as the alter ego of the orphaned girl, Jane Eyre. This statement could be interrupted in many ways. One being-for an example- Bertha being a symbol and representation of Jane’s feeling in regard to the situation of her marrying Rochester. Another is some likeliness of both women’s actions.Jane Eyre may feel as if the matter of marriage is oppressing her. The dreams she received after the engagement suggests she secretly fears being submitted. Also, she may rage at the idea of losing her freedom and yielding to a higher power, which in this case is Rochester. Jane herself does not show all of these emotions, but they are animated through the actions of Bertha. Bertha tearing the bridal veil could stand for a metaphorical sign or warning for Jane as to not get married.On another note, Bertha is also the obstacle that stops the wedding f rom persisting on; she is not only a metaphorical element, but is also a physical obstacle as well. The male dominating aspect relates both Bertha and Jane. Bertha was tied and locked away, showing the bondage and effect Victorian marriage had on mental and emotional health. It suggests that it suffocated women and took away their freedom. Jane was forced and expected to concede at both Gateshead Hall and Lowood Institution. You can read also Analysis of Literary Devices of Jane EyreShe was harassed and also suggested by many that she not be so passionate. Knowing back then women for expected to fit the perfect imagine of civil, mannered, and self contained. Although, Jane was self righteous, opinionated, and passionate when younger. She learned to be well behaved and level headed at Lowood Institution the younger oppressed side of her reveals from her alter ego, Bertha. The likeliness of some events that occurred pertaining to both women does suggest that the madwoman in the attic is indeed the alter ego of Jane.Firstly, Bertha having been locked in a room for about ten years and goes insane. Jane gets locked in the red room at the young age of ten for about five minutes and lashes out hysterically. Secondly, after Bertha attacks Mr Mason she then gets tied up in the attic; Jane, when younger, received a threat to be restrained by her aunt if she did not yield. Lastly, the mad women is mental insane and Jane starts to hear voices. The madwoman in the attic has many symbols and roles that could be interpreted in this novel.Whether it is the horrors of Victorian marriage or the controlled element of the female gender. The statement states that Bertha is the alter ego to Jane Eyre and for many reasons. The madwoman in the attic plays a big role in representing Jane herself and her unconscious and internal conflicts. Including some key emotional events Jane went through in childhood. The relations between the two just goes to show that you can’t quite escape your past characteristics and suppress them for long.